Hammurabi , In his position as king of Babylonia, Babil Babil Kralı olarak Hammurabi

Hammurabi

 In his position as king of Babylonia, Hammurabi managed to organize the world’s first code of law and establish Babylon as the dominant and successful Amorite City of its time. Records written on clay tablets show that Hammurabi was a very capable administrator and a successful warrior. His rule spanned from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C. When he became king in 1792, he was still young, but had already become entrusted with many official duties in his administration. In the early years of his reign, Hammurabi mostly participated in traditional activities, such as repairing buildings, digging canals, and fighting wars. Yet later in his rule, Hammurabi organized a unique code of laws, the first of its kind, therefore making himself one of the world’s most influential leaders. Hammurabi was primarily influential to the world because of his code of laws. This code consisted of 282 provisions, systematically arranged under a variety of subjects. He sorted hiss laws into groups such as family, labor personal property, real estate, trade, and business. This was the first time in history that any laws had been categorized into various sections. This format of organization was emulated by civilizations of the future. For example, Semitic cultures succeeding Hammurabi’s rule used some of the same laws that were included in Hammurabi’s code. Hammurabi’s method of thought is evident in present day societies, which are influenced by his code. Modern governments currently create specific laws, which are placed into their appropriate family of similar laws. Hammurabi had his laws recorded upon an eight foot black stone monument. Hammurabi based on his code on principles like, the strong should not injure the weak, and that punishment should fit the crime. As for punishment, legal actions were initiated under the code by written pleadings; testimony was taken under oath. The code was severe in its penalties, prescribing an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. This code of laws was able to be maintained by invoking the authority of the gods and the state. Although the punishments were different than those of today, the authority of the state (government) is similar. Currently, punishments are issued through the state’s law enforcement system, comparable to the way punishment was determined and enforced in ancient Babylon. In the code, crimes punishable by death required a trail in front of a bench of judges. Included in these crimes were: bigamy, incest, kidnapping, adultery, and theft. There were also laws similar to today. For example, a husband who wished to divorce his wife, was required to pay alimony and child support. By creating the world’s first set of organized laws, Hammurabi constituted a model set of moral codes for other civilizations to duplicate. The code of Hammurabi is believed to have greatly influenced the development of Near Eastern civilizations for centuries after it was written. Although Hammurabi failed to establish an effective bureaucratic system himself, his ideas were successful in establishing laws in Babylonia. Since Babylon was the world’s first metropolis, the large population needed to be bound by a strict set of organized civil laws. The way Hammurabi constructed his laws is influential to the world today, because laws can be more easily understood by the people.

 ÇEVİRİSİ 

Hammurabi Babil Babil Kralı olarak Hammurabi, dünyanın ilk yasalarını düzenlemeyi başardı ve zamanının baskın ve başarılı Amor şehri olarak Babil'i kurmayı başardı. Kil tabletleri üzerine yazılan kayıtlar Hammurabi'nin çok yetenekli bir yönetici ve başarılı bir savaşçı olduğunu gösteriyor. Kuralları 1792'de yayınlandı. 1750'ye kadar 1792'de kral olduğu zamanlarda hâlâ gençti, yönetimine birçok resmi görev düşüyordu. Hükümdarlığının ilk yıllarında Hammurabi çoğunlukla binaların onarımı, kanal kazma ve savaşlarla mücadele gibi geleneksel faaliyetlere katıldı. Ancak daha sonra onun egemenliği altındaki Hammurabi, türünün ilk örneği olan benzersiz bir yasalar düzenledi ve bu nedenle kendisini dünyanın en etkili liderlerinden biri haline getirdi. Hammurabi, esasen yasalar gereği dünyayı etkiledi. Bu kod, çeşitli konular altında sistematik olarak düzenlenmiş 282 hükümden oluşmaktadır. Tıs kanunlarını, aile, emek mülkiyeti, emlak, ticaret ve ticaret gibi gruplara ayırdı. Tarihte, herhangi bir yasanın çeşitli bölümlere bölünmüş olduğu ilk kez bu olmuştur. Bu örgütlenme biçimi, geleceğin uygarlıkları tarafından taklit edildi. Örneğin, Hammurabi'nin egemenliğinden sonraki Semitik kültürler Hammurabi'nin yasasına dahil olan bazı kanunları kullandı. Hammurabi'nin düşünce metodu, kodundan etkilenen günümüz toplumlarında belirgindir. Modern hükümetler halihazırda benzer yasaların uygun ailelerine yerleştirilen belirli yasalar oluşturmaktadır. Hammurabi kanunlarını sekiz ayaklı bir siyah taş anıt üzerine kaydetti. Hammurabi ilkeler üzerine yaptığı gibi ilkeler üzerine kurulu, güçlüler zayıfları yaralamamalı ve ceza suça uymalıdır. Cezaya gelince, yazılı başvurularla bu kanun kapsamında yasal eylemler başlatıldı; Tanıklık yemin altına alındı. Kod cezası ile şiddetliydi, bir göz göz, bir diş için bir diş reçete ediyordu. Bu yasalar, tanrıların ve devletin otoritesini çağırarak devam ettirildi. Her ne kadar bugünkü cezalar farklı olsa da devletin (hükümet) otoritesi benzer. Şimdilik cezalar, cezaevinin eski Babil'de belirlenmesi ve yürürlüğe sokulması ile kıyaslanacak şekilde devletin yasa uygulama sistemi aracılığıyla veriliyor. Kodda, ölüm cezası verilen suçlar hakimlerden oluşan bir bankın önünde bir iz bırakmak zorundaydı. Bu suçlara şunlar dahildi: Büyükanne, ensest, adam kaçırma, zina ve hırsızlık. Bugün de benzer yasalar vardı. Örneğin, karısını boşamak isteyen bir kocanın nafaka ve çocuk nafakası ödemesi gerekiyordu. Dünyanın ilk örgütlü kanunlarını yaratarak, Hammurabi, çoğaltmak için diğer uygarlıkların ahlaki kurallarının bir örneğini oluşturdu. Hammurabi kodunun, yazdıktan sonra yüzyıllar boyunca Yakın Doğu medeniyetlerinin gelişimini büyük ölçüde etkilediğine inanılıyor. Hammurabi etkili bir bürokratik sistemi kendisi kuramadı ancak fikirleri Babil'de kanunlar koymada başarılıydı. Babil, dünyanın ilk metropolü olduğu için, büyük nüfusun sıkı bir dizi organize sivil yasalarla sınırlanması gerekiyordu. Hammurabi'nin yasalarını şekillendirmesi bugün dünyaya etkili oluyor çünkü yasalar insanlar tarafından daha kolay anlaşılabilir.

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