Animal Rights vs. Human Rights Laboratory Animals

Animal Rights vs. Human Rights Laboratory Animals The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isn't only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: their history, their psychological and social behaviors, and their skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isn't natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three: replacement, reduction, and refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isn't always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isn't considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves 'sharing' research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80 - 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80's many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two different outcries of this test. The most public outcry of this test happened in the 1980's. One of them, the Draize eye test was one that used rabbits to estimate the ability of a test substance to irritate or damage the eye. This involves putting the solution into one of the rabbit's eyes. Then recording the changes in many different parts of the eye, as compared to the untreated eye over a week. Since then eye irritation tests have stopped by 87%. The protest in 1980 led to great changes in the cosmetics industry and caused many increased efforts toward the development of non-animal alternatives. Many companies no longer use the Draize test at all. The other test acute-toxicity test is called the LD50 test. LD50 means - lethal dose 50 percent. This test estimates the amount of the substance is needed to kill 50% of a group of rats or other test animals. The LD50 test has been banned in parts of Europe and the EPA no longer supports it. Arguments Against Testing on Animals Arguments against testing on animals question the morality, the necessity, or the validity of the studies. A couple of major questions could be: Do we have a right and a need for the tests? Do these tests actually tell us something useful? Animal Rights Advocates say animals have a right to their own life just as we do; that they are not ours to mess around with. When you think about this argument long enough, this argument also means we must maintain a vegetarian diet, not wearing leather or fur, and, at its most extremity, not keeping animals as pets. A moderate animal protection says that our responsibility toward animals is that we have a moral obligation not to cause then unnecessary pain. That argument isn't against all animal testing. Arguments against animal testing take many forms. One of them could be we can¡¦t rely on animal results anyway. Humans are completely different: physically and mentally. Just because one species reacts to a certain chemical in a certain way, doesn't mean another will act the same way. Furthermore, animals kept in unnatural conditions aren't going to give accurate results anyway. Arguments In Favor of Animal Testing Now again, you can argue in terms of morality, necessity, and validity. The concerns on this side of the argument are the needs to protect and to improve the quality of life. The gains and benefits for humans outweigh the cost of animal suffering. Someone who supports animal testing may care for animals but don¡¦t place them on an equal scale as humans. Research on animals may be necessary for more than a few reasons: to develop vaccines, treatments, cures for diseases; and to ensure new products ¡V that they won't blind, burn, or even kill us (which has happened many times, before safety testing was required by law). Animals make good research subjects, they are biologically similar to humans, and are susceptible to many of the same health problems. Some species make good models for human health or physiology. Most of what we know about the immune system comes from our study of mice, whereas what we know about the cardiovascular system has come from dogs! Many heart surgery techniques are learned from dogs too. Animals make better subjects than humans for another reason. Many species have relatively short life cycles, so they can be studied throughout their entire life. Scientists can control certain aspects of the environment: its diet, temperature, and lighting. "Animals cannot be completely replaced just yet" - say many supporters of animal testing. Are there any benefits-- To Animals? To Humans? Many, many cures, treatments, techniques, and medicines have come to us because of animal experimentation. Immunizations against polio, mumps, measles, rubella, hepatitis, and so on have been made through animal research. Efforts to understand AIDS and Alzheimer's disease are ongoing. Animal research has played a big role in advances in veterinary medicine, including development of treatments for rabies and distemper. Pet owners now look for treatment for their sick dog or for a breath mint for their cat. Many people don¡¦t mind allowing their animal take part in tests and experiments. Research on things such as nutrition, housing requirements, or social behavior can help improve conditions for care for captive and domestic animals. Some research can contribute to habitat restoration and conversation efforts for many animals. "Cruelty-free" & "Not Tested on Animals" mean what? These two phrases can mean different things to many companies. The labels don't always mean the same thing because the government doesn't regulate the terms. "Not tested on Animals" could mean that the product as a whole wasn't tested on animals, but its ingredients were. For example, they didn't put red lipstick on a dog, but they had tried colorless lipstick on the dog. Or it could mean that the company doesn't test on animals but buys its ingredients from other companies that test on animals. The FDA requires animal testing for pharmaceuticals and other products. This isn't a must for cosmetics and toiletries. These do have to be tested for customer safety, but not necessarily on animals. This is where you might see cruelty-free & not tested on animals. They must test on products manufactured for human use before it is sold to the public. This includes drugs and vaccines for people and animals: cosmetics, shampoo, and other personal care products, food packaging, household cleaners, pesticides, chemicals, fabric treatments, and more. What can I do to help? One of the most important ways you can help is to find out and learn as much as you can about animal experimentation and tell someone about it. Make sure you inform them of the three R's: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. You could tell your friends, your parents, someone in charge. Or, hey, why not write letters to Congress asking them to enforce and support the ICCVAM Authorization Act. ICCVAM stands for the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods. They are responsible for getting newly developed alternatives validated by the government. You can find out more about this at the John Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) web site at http://caat.jhsph.edu/issues/iccvam.htm. Even if you aren't voting age, your voice can make a difference. It isn`t enough just to protest against animal abuse. We also need to raise a new generation of scientists who deeply care and understand these situations, and who will work to develop and use alternatives to animal testing. You can make that happen. Bibliography 1. Animal Rights - Myths, Lies, Terrorism, Anti-Humanity, the Real Agenda-Animal rights activists-animal testing cruelty-animal. 2. Altweb: Alternatives To Animal Testing On The Web 3. APA search for Rat 4. HSUS - Programs - Animal Research Issues-The HSUS Policy Statement: Pound Seizure 5. Government Guide: http://www.fda.gov 6. The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing 7. Welcome to KAT's Purrfect Page! ÇEVİRİSİ Hayvan Hakları vs insan hakları Laboratuvar Hayvanlar biyomedikal araştırma, ürün güvenliği testleri ve eğitim: Laboratuvar hayvanlarında kullanımı üç ana alanda önemlidir. Biyomedikal Araştırmacılar, vücudun işleyişini ve hastalık ve sağlık süreçleri Onların anlayışı genişletmek için, çeşitli hastalıklar için yeni aşılar ve tedaviler geliştirmek için hayvan kullanın. tez insanların yaptığı araştırma, sadece insan yararına olduğu; nedenle veteriner teknikleri geliştirmek için yardımcı oluyor. gibi kozmetik, ev temizlik ürünleri, pestisitler, kimyasal maddeler ve ilaçlar: sanayi birçok tüketici ürünleri, renk etkinliğini ve güvenliğini test etmek için hayvanları kullanır. ilkokul tüm yol üniversiteye kadar Eğitimciler, cerrahi tekniklerini öğrenmek hayvanları kullanarak tıp öğrencilerine fen derslerinde diseksiyon solucanlar dahil öğretim sürecinin parçaları, hayvanları ve kurbağaları kullanın. Onların tarihi, Onların psikolojik ve sosyal davranışlar ve Bunların beceri: Bilim adamları bazı türler hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek için hayvanların çalışma. hayvanların esaret altında tutulursa, onlar acı yaptılar neden olabilir çevresinin doğal bir parçası değildir. Organizasyonlar Bir dizi yerine ve en azından, hayvan sayısı kullanılan azaltmak ya da ağrı azaltmak istiyoruz. Sıçanlar ve fareler araştırma, eğitim ve test kullanılan hayvanların% 85-90 oluşturmaktadır. Tavşan, kobay, hamster, köpek, kedi ve insan olmayan primatlar gibi incelenmiştir vardır. Köpek ve kediler araştırma hayvanların yaklaşık% 1'ini oluştururlar. Bazı hayvan okudu olmanın ne bağlıdır. sıçan ve farelerin çoğunluğu, özellikle araştırma için yetiştirilmektedir. kullanılan vermedi köpek ve kediler yarısı da bu amaç için yetiştirilmiş. Hayvan satıcıları geri kalanı için birincil kaynaktır. Hayvan satıcıları USDA, ya da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarım Bakanlığı tarafından lisanslı ve Hayvan Refahı Yasası tarafından kurulan bakım standartlarını uymak olması gerekir. Hayvan Testine Alternatifler azaltılması ya da değiştirilmesi ve arıtma: alternatif yöntemler üç ana kategoride, ayrıca üç olarak bilinen girer. Hayvanlar Değiştirilen zaman yedek yerine bütün hayvanın, bir hayvan tamamen değiştirildi Çağrı zaman, ya da nispi değiştirilmesi yoluyla, sadece hücre ve dokular kullanıldığı, mutlak değiştirilmesi yoluyla Ya tek şey. Bu hayvanlar do testine tabi ki bilim adamları ağrı azaltmak ve hayvanların daha rahat yapmayı deneyin rağmen yedek her zaman bir seçenek değildir. Yedek artık-günlük haline gelmiştir bir seçenek kabul edilmez. Bir kadın hamile ne o bir laboratuvarda durdurmak zorunda kaldı olsun veya olmasın öğrenmek ve almak istediğinde Birkaç yıl önce, bir test bir tavşan öldürme ilgilendim etmedi. Günümüzde, o satın alabilir ve over-the-counter kiti belirli kimyasallar için ileri testler yaptık. Bilgisayarlar yerine yeni bir yüksek teknoloji yöntemidir. Örneğin, ben tercih ederim yerine gerçek, canlı kurbağaların bir bilgisayar modeli üzerinde diseksiyon! yeni yüz ve cilt ürünleri için gönüllüler için ihtiyaçları için zamanı geldiğinde insanlar giderek daha popüler hale gelmektedir. Azaltma İkinci yöntem 'paylaşım' araştırma hayvanları kapsar olduğunu. bir bilim adamı, bir koyun akciğerler üzerinde bir çalışma yaptıklarını eğer koyun öldürmek için zamanı geldiğinde bir Örneğin, o diğerleri onun böbrekler, karaciğer veya kalp kullanmanızı sağlayacak. Üçüncü seçenek olan Arıtma herhangi ağrıyı azaltmak için araçlar ve hayvan geçiyor yaptım acı. Teknikleri hayvana az düşman nedenle arıtma Dikkat edilebilir olan yaptım. Araştırmacılar hayvan içinde oluyor yerine içine kesiyor ne olduğunu görmek için ultrason veya MR (Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme) kullanabilirsiniz. 20 yıl önce hayvanlar üzerinde tüm ürünlerini test kozmetik sanayi, kullanarak hayvanları durdurmak için çok yakın geldi. Birçok şirket% 80-90 tam hayvanlar üzerinde test kullanımını azaltmıştır. Bazıları tamamen ortadan kaldırmıştır. 80 birçok şirket bu yana hayvan testleri için alternatif bir arayış içine para ve çaba ciddi Tutarları koyduk. Ayrıca, çoğu malzemeyi zaten bir hayvan üzerinde test edilmiş ve güvenli olduğu gösterilmiştir günümüzde kullanılmaktadır yaptı. Ne tür testler yapılıyor? Kronik toksisite testleri Bazı konulara, sık sık düşük seviyelerde, uzun süreli maruz kalma etkilerini değerlendirmek. Akut toksisite testleri, kısa süreli maruz kalma, göz, deri ve hazımsızlık ile yanlışlıkla temas riskini değerlendirmek. Bu test iki farklı protestoların var olması. Bu testin çoğu kamu haykırış 1980'li yıllarda oldu. Bunlardan biri bir tahriş ya da göze zarar bir test maddesinin yeteneğini tahmin etmek için tavşanları kullanıldı ne yaptı Draize göz testi. Bu tavşan gözlerinden birinin içine çözümünü koyarak kapsar. Bir hafta boyunca tedavi edilmeyen göz karşılaştırıldığında Sonra, gözün farklı bölgelerinde değişiklik kayıt. O zamandan beri göz tahrişi testleri% 87 oranında durduruldu. 1980 yılında protesto kozmetik sektöründe büyük değişiklikler ve hayvansal olmayan alternatiflerin geliştirilmesi yönünde birçok neden oldu Artırıldı çabalarına yol açtı. Birçok şirket artık tüm Draize testi kullanın. Diğer test acute- ALMANCA Tierrechte usw. Menschenrechte Labortieren Die Verwendung von Labortieren ist importante auf drei Hauptbereiche: die biomedizinische Forschung, Produktsicherheitstests und Bildung. Biomedizinische Forscher verwenden die Tiere ihr Verständnis für die Funktionsweise des Körpers zu erweitern und die Prozesse der Krankheit und Gesundheit, und neue Impfstoffe und Behandlungen für verschiedene Krankheiten zu entwickeln. Die Forschung thes Menschen tun, ist nicht nur zum Nutzen der Menschen; es hilft auch Veterinär Techniken zu entwickeln. Die Industrie nutzt Tiere, die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit vieler Verbraucherprodukte zu testen, wie Kosmetika, Haushaltsreinigungsmittel, Pestizide, Chemikalien und Drogen. Pädagogen, von der Grundschule den ganzen Weg bis zum College, verwenden Tiere als Teile des Lehrprozesses, einschließlich Sezieren Würmer und Frösche in den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht an Medizinstudenten Tiere mit chirurgischen Techniken zu erlernen. Wissenschaftler studieren Tiere, um mehr über bestimmte der Art: ihre Geschichte, ihre psychologischen und sozialen Verhalten sind, und sind ihre Fähigkeiten. Wenn die Tiere in Gefangenschaft gehalten werden, können sie Schmerzen verursacht werden, die nicht Teil seiner natürlichen Umgebung ist. Eine Reihe von Organisationen wollen die Zahl der Tiere zu ersetzen und zu reduzieren verwendet werden oder zumindest die Schmerzen lindern. Ratten und Mäuse bilden 85-90% der Tiere in der Forschung, Bildung und Tests verwendet. Kaninchen, Meerschweinchen, Hamster, Hunde, Katzen und nichtmenschlichen Primaten sind als gut untersucht. Hunde und Katzen machen etwa 1% der Versuchstiere auf. Die bestimmte das Tier hängt davon ab, was untersucht wird. Die Mehrheit der Ratten und Mäuse gezüchtet Speziell für die Forschung. Die Hälfte der Hunde und Katzen, die verwendet werden, sind für diesen Zweck auch gezüchtet. Tierhändler sind die primäre Quelle für den Rest. Tierhändler von der USDA genehmigt werden muss, ist es die United States Department of Agriculture und haben die Qualität der Betreuung durch das Gesetz den Tierschutz von bis zu gehorchen. Alternativen zu Tierversuchen Alternative Methoden & fallen in drei Hauptkategorien, auch bekannt als die drei: Vermeidung, Verminderung und Verfeinerung. Ersatz ist, wenn Tiere ersetzt werden, entweder durch absolute Ersatz, das ist, wenn ein Tier vollständig ersetzt oder durch relative Ersatz nur und Gewebe-Zellen verwendet werden, anstelle des ganzen Tieres. Ein Austausch ist nicht immer eine Option, obwohl für diese Tiere, die Tests durchführen zu unterziehen, Wissenschaftler versuchen, den Schmerz zu lindern und machen die Tiere bequem. Considered Ersatz ist keine Option mehr-es täglich geworden ist. Vor ein paar Jahren, wenn eine Frau herausfinden wollte, ob sie schwanger war, hatte sie einen Test in einem Labor zu stoppen und zu erhalten, die das Töten eines Kaninchen beteiligt. Heute kann sie kaufen und Over-the-counter-Kit, das für bestimmte Chemikalien prüft. Computer sind ein neues High-Tech-Verfahren ersetzt werden. Zum Beispiel Präparation auf einem Computermodell anstelle von echten, lebenden Frösche, die ich würde es vorziehen! Die Menschen werden immer beliebter, wenn es Zeit für die Bedürfnisse nach Freiwilligen für neue Gesichts- und Hautpflegeprodukte kommt. Reduktion ist das zweite Verfahren "Aufteilung" Versuchstiere handelt. Für ein Beispiel, wenn ein Wissenschaftler tun, eine Studie über die Lunge eines Schafes, wenn es darum geht, die Schafe zu töten er die anderen erlauben, Gefühle Nieren zu verwenden, Leber oder Herz. Refinement die dritte Wahl zu sein, bedeutet, keine Schmerzen zu verringern und das Leid, dass das Tier durchmacht. Techniken, die weniger feindlich gegenüber dem Tier sind, können auch Verfeinerung berücksichtigt werden. Die Forscher können Ultraschall oder ein MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) verwenden, um zu sehen, was im Inneren des Tieres vorgeht, anstatt in sie zu schneiden. Die Kosmetikindustrie, die vor 20 Jahren alle seine Produkte an Tieren getestet wurde so nahe kommen, unter Verwendung von Tieren zu stoppen. Viele Unternehmen haben die Verwendung von Ganztierversuchen um 80-90% reduziert. Einige haben es vollständig eliminiert. Da die vielen Unternehmen die 80 haben, nach Alternativen für Tierversuche ernsthafte Mengen an Geld und Mühe in die Suche setzen. Außerdem sind die meisten Zutaten, die verwendet werden heute bereits auf ein Tier getestet wurde und sich als sicher erwiesen. Welche Arten von Tests durchgeführt werden? Die chronisch-Toxizitätstests beurteilen die Auswirkungen der langfristigen Exposition, oft auf einem niedrigen Niveau, auf bestimmte von den Themen. Akute-Toxizitätstests bewerten das Risiko kurzfristiger Exposition Berührung mit Augen, Haut und Verdauungsstörungen. Es gibt zwei verschiedene Aufschreie von diesem Test. Die meisten öffentlichen Aufschrei dieses Tests geschah in den 1980er Jahren. Einer von ihnen war der Draize-Augentest eines der Kaninchen, die die Fähigkeit einer Testsubstanz zu schätzen zu reizen oder das Auge schädigen. Dabei geht es um die Lösung in einer der Kaninchenaugen setzen. Die Aufzeichnung der Veränderungen in vielen verschiedenen Teilen des Auges, wie über eine Woche zur unbehandelten Auge verglichen. Da die Augenreizung Tests, die um 87% aufgehört haben. Der Protest im Jahr 1980 führte zu großen Veränderungen in der Kosmetikindustrie und viele verursachte verstärkte Anstrengungen auf die Entwicklung von nicht-tierischen Alternativen. Viele Unternehmen nutzen nicht mehr den Draize-Test überhaupt nicht. Der andere Test Akut- RUSÇA Права животных и т.д. Права человека Лабораторные животные Использование лабораторных животных к трем Важная основным направлениям: медико-биологических исследований, тестирования безопасности продукции, а также образования. Биомедицинские исследователи используют животных, чтобы расширить свое понимание работой тела и процессов болезни и здоровья, а также для разработки новых вакцин и методов лечения различных заболеваний. Исследование Thes люди делают это не только во благо человека; он также оказывает помощь в разработке ветеринарных методов. Промышленность использует животных, чтобы проверить эффективность и безопасность многих потребительских товаров, таких как косметика, бытовых чистящих средств, пестицидов, химических веществ и наркотиков. Педагоги, от начальной школы вплоть до колледжа, использовать животных в качестве части процесса обучения, в том числе рассекающих червей и лягушек в классах науки для студентов-медиков с использованием животных, чтобы узнать хирургические методы. Ученые изучают животных, чтобы узнать больше о некоторых из видов: их истории, их психологические и социальные поведений, и их навыки. Если животные содержатся в неволе, они могут быть вызваны боль, которая не является частью его природной среды. Ряд организаций хотели бы заменить и уменьшить количество животных используется или, по крайней мере, уменьшить боль. Крысы и мыши составляют 85-90% животных, используемых в исследованиях, образовании и тестирования. Кролики, морские свинки, хомяки, собаки, кошки и приматы, не являющиеся человеком изучаются, а также. Собаки и кошки составляют около 1% подопытных животных. Определенную животное зависит от того, что изучается. Большинство крыс и мышей разводят специально для исследования. Половина собак и кошек, которые используются разводят для этой цели тоже. дилеры животных являются основным источником для остальных. дилеры животных должны иметь лицензию USDA, это департамент Соединенных Штатов сельского хозяйства и должны подчиняться стандартам медицинской помощи, установленных на основании Закона об охране животных. Альтернативы испытаниям на животных Альтернативные методы и делятся на три основные категории, также известный как три: замены, сокращения и уточнения. Замена, когда животные замещаются, либо по абсолютной заменой, что, когда полностью замещается животное, или путем замены относительного, просто и ткани клетки используются вместо целого животного. Замена не всегда вариант, хотя, для тех животных, которые проходят тестирование, ученые пытаются уменьшить боль и сделать животных более комфортным. Рассматриваемая замена не вариант больше, он стал ежедневно. Несколько лет назад, когда женщина хочет, чтобы выяснить, действительно ли она была беременна, она должна была остановиться и пройти тест в лаборатории, которая участвует убийство кролика. В настоящее время, она может купить и более-внебиржевом комплект, который проверяет для некоторых из каких-либо химикатов. Компьютеры представляют собой новый высокотехнологичный метод замены. Например, рассечение на компьютерной модели вместо реальных, живых лягушек, которые я предпочел бы! Люди становятся все более популярными, когда приходит время для нужд добровольцев для новых продуктов для лица и кожи. Снижение является второй метод предполагает «распределения» исследований животных. Для одного примера, если один ученый делает исследование на легких овец, когда приходит время, чтобы убить овец он позволит другим использовать чувства почки, печень или сердце. Доработка является третьим выбор означает, чтобы уменьшить боль и страдания, что животное переживает. Методы, которые являются менее враждебно по отношению к животным также можно считать уточнением. Исследователи могут использовать ультразвук или МРТ (магнитно-резонансная томография), чтобы увидеть, что происходит внутри животного вместо того, чтобы резать в него. Косметической промышленности, которая 20 лет назад все ее продукты тестируются на животных пришел так близко к остановке с помощью животных. Многие компании сократили использование тестирования целого животного на 80-90%. Некоторые из них устранены полностью. С 80-х многие компании поставили серьезные суммы денег и усилий в поисках альтернатив для испытаний на животных. Кроме того, большинство ингредиентов, которые используются сегодня уже были испытаны на животных и показали, чтобы быть безопасным. Какие тесты делаются? Испытания хронической токсичности оценки последствий длительного воздействия, часто на низком уровне, чтобы некоторые из предметов. Тесты Острая токсичность оценить риск кратковременного воздействия, случайного контакта с глазами, кожей и расстройство желудка. Там есть два различных вопли этого теста. Наиболее общественный резонанс этого испытания произошло в 1980-х годах. Один из них, тест глаз Дрейза был одним из кроликов, которые используются для оценки способности испытуемого вещества раздражают или повредить глаз. Это включает в себя положить решение в один глаз кролика. Запись изменений в разных частях глаза, по сравнению с необработанным глазом в течение недели. Так как тесты на раздражение глаз, которые остановленных на 87%. Протест в 1980 году привело к большим изменениям в косметической промышленности и многих причиной возросшего усилия, направленные на развитие альтернатив неживотных. Многие компании больше не используют тест Дрейза вообще. Другой тест остроугольного